tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3850806916206516252024-02-08T07:48:57.763-08:00Obat Psikosa.One MarthaOne Martha K.C.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11398698653262194388noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-385080691620651625.post-13674923096133831802010-12-11T04:03:00.000-08:002011-01-12T18:59:33.846-08:00Obat Psikosa<div class="Section0"><div class="0" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">PSIKOSA</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obat penyakit jiwa adalah obat – obat yang bekerja terhadap SSP dengan memengaruhi fungsi – fungsi psikis dan proses – proses mental.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Sejarah</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Di masa lampau penyakit jiwa diobati dengan sedative seperti candu,bromide, dan skopolamin, kemudian dengan barbital. Pada skizofrenia parah bahkan dilakukan operasi otak ( leuktomia, 1935) untuk mengeluarkan sebagian otak. Cara – cara ini menghasilkan efek yang cukup baik, terutama pengobatan kejanglistrik ( Electro Shock Therapy EST atau Electro Convulsive Therapy ECT )</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Rangsangan listrik ini menimbulakan suatu serangan epilepsy ( insult ) pada mana electron – electron disalurkan melalui otak untuk beberapa waktu sehingga terjadi depolarisasi dari membrane – membrane sel. Terutama digunakan pada pasien – pasien depresi berat dan depresi yang resisten terhadap medikasi. Di tahun 60-an diadakan perbaikan proses ECT dengan menggunakan narkosa dan obat pelemasan otot. Efek samping penggunaan ECT adalah gangguan – gangguan ingatan, yakni anterograde amnesi dan retrograde amnesi . </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Jenis pengobatan fisik ke dua adalah dengan hormone insulin hingga mencapai subkoma. Cara pengobatan koma insulin ini disebut insulin coma therapy ( ICT ). Obat generasi ke dua itu tidak mampu menyembuhkan 100% gangguan jiwa, namun banyak gejalanya dapat dihalau atau dikurangi. Keadaan pasien dapat diperbaiki sehingga pasien dapat melanjutkan kehidupannnya secara bebas dengan kualitas hidup yang lebih baik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">2. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Penggolongan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dapat digolongkan dalam dua jenis :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">1. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antipsikotika ( dahulu disebut neuroleptika atau major tranquillizers ) yang bekerja antipsikotis dan sedative. Obat ini digunakan khusus untuk pelbagai jenis psikosis (a.l. scizhofrenia) dan mania.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">2. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antidepresive, yang bekerja untuk memperbaiki suasana murung dan putus asa dan terutama digunakan pada keadaan depresi,panic, dan fobia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Neurotransmitter.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 9pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Di otak terdapat neurotransmitter atau neurohormon yang bertanggung jawab atas penerusan impuls listrik antara sel – sel saraf secara kimiawi. Ada sejumah system neurotransmitter, antara lain system adrenergic dan system kolinergis dengan zat – zatnya tersendiri.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 62.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">a. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> Sistem adrenergis. Neurohormon terpenting di otak adalah zat – zat monoamine noradrenalin ( NA ), serotonin ( 5-HT = 5-hidroksitriptamin ) dan dopamine ( DA ), yang menetukan kegiatan otak dengan antar- keseimbangannya. Terdapat dalam gelembung – gelembung kecil di ujung axon ( presinaptis ), yang letaknya dekat sinaps.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 62.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.65pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obat – obat yang mengurangi kadar dopamindalam sel – sel saraf otak memiliki daya kerja antipsikotis, sedangkan obat – obat yang meningkatkan kadsar DA digunakan pada Parkinson. Obat – obat yang memperbesar kadar serotonin dan noradenalin di celah sinaptis dengan jalan menghambat re-uptakenya memiliki daya kerja antidepresi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 62.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">b. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> Sistem kolinergis. Neurohormon asetil kolin ( Ach ) dari system kolinergis tidak diresorbsi kembali, melainkan langsung diuraikan oleh kolinesterase yang memperbesar kadar Ach di otak, antara lain tacrin, digunakan untuk demensia Alzheimer.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="long_text" id="result_box"><span onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" style="background-color: white;" title="MENTAL DISORDERS"><br />
</span><span onmouseout="this.style.backgroundColor='#fff'" onmouseover="this.style.backgroundColor='#ebeff9'" style="background-color: white;" title="d) Derivate - butilpiperidin: pimozida ¸ fluspirilen and penfluridol."></span></span></span><br />
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<div class="15" style="margin-left: 90pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">B. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Antipsikotika atypis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">( Supirida¸klozapin¸risperidon¸olanzapin dan quetiapin ) bekerja efektif melawan symptom negative ¸ obat ini efek sampingnya lebih ringan. Sertindol ( serdolect ) setelah dipasarkan hanya satu tahun lebih akhir 1998 ditarik dari peredaran karena beberapa kali dilaporkan terjadinya aritmia dan kemtian mendadak.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Khasiat dan penggunaan Antipsikosa</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antipsikosa memiliki sejumlah kegiatan fisiologis¸ yakni :</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">a. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antipsikotik </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obat ini digunakan untuk gangguan jiwa dengan gejala psikosis¸ seperti </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-style: italic;">schizofrenia¸ mania dan depresi psikotis. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Disamping itu untuk menangani gangguan perilaku juga untuk keadaan gelisah akut ( excitation ) dan penyakit lata ( p.Gilles de la Tourette )</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">b. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Anxiolitis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Mampu meniadakan rasa bimbang¸ takut¸ kegelisahan dan agresi yang hebat. Digunakan dalam dosis rendah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">c. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antiemetis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Di gunakan untuk melawan mual dan muntah yang hebat seperti pada terapi sitostatika sedangkan pada mabuk jalan tidak efektif. Obat dengan daya antiemetis </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">d. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">,Analgetis </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obatseperti levomepromazin¸haloperidol¸ dan doperidol jarang digunakan sebagai obat antinyeri kecuali droperidol.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 98.85pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">C. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Mekanisme kerja</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Semua psikofarmaka bersifat lipofil dan mudah masuk ke dalam CCS dan obat – obat ini melakukan kegiatannya secara langsung terhadap saraf otak.Antipsikosa menghambat gerak reseptop dopamine ( D2 ) </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">D. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;">Efek samping</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Gejala ekstrapiramidal ( GEP ) dapat berbentuk banyak macam sebagai berikut : Parkinsonisme¸ dystonia akut¸ akhatsia¸ dyskinesia tarda¸ sindroma neuroleptika maligne.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Galaktorrea ( Banyak keluar air susu ) </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Sedasi</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Hipotensi ortostatis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek antikolinergis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek antiserotonin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Gejala penarikan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Pada kehamilan dan laktasi penggunaan obat ini selama kehamilan dan laktasi sedapat mungkin harus dihindari berhubung toksisitasnya bagi janin dan bayi. Dapat juga merusak kesehatan ibu. Bila sangat perlu hendaknya diberikan dalam dosis serendah mungkin selama masa singkat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">6. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">,Obat – obat tambahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Benzodiazepin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Kerjanya agak panjang seperti diazepam</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dapat ditambahkan pada obat antipsokosa sedative ringan </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Menaggulangi rasa takut dan gelisah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Penggunaanya tidak boleh dihentikan secara tiba – tiba dan harus secara berangsur – angsur.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Litium</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Sebagai obat tambahan bila terdapat komponen mania.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efeknya adalah gelisah dan perbaikan kontak sosial.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antidepresiva triskilis</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dapat ditambahkan pada depresi yang timbul sesudah psikosis.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Harus diwaspadai adanya peningkatan antikolinergis </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 72pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Symbol'; font-size: large;">· </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Karbamazepin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Berguna sebagai adjuvant bila terdapat kegelisahan dan gangguan kekuatan hebat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obat epilepsy ini menurunkan kadar darah antipsikotika.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 108pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 36pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">7. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Zat – Zat tersendiri</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Klopromazin : Largactil</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Khasiat Antisikosisnya lemah sedangkan antihistaminnya kuat</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obat ini memperkuat efek analgetika</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Digunakan untuk mengobati sedu yang tak henti –henti.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Rearbsorbsinya di usus.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek sampingnya terhadap hati dan darah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Zat ini dapat menyumbat saluran empedu sesudah 2-4 minggu pemakaian.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek samping lainnya umumnya adalah efek sedative yang kuat dan GEP yang seringkali terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Levomepromazin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Hasiat antipsikosisnya sama dengan kloropromazin.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Daya analgesiknya lebih kuat sehingga berguna untuk nyeri hebat anatara lain pada Ca dan herpes zoster.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek sampingnya adalah hipotensi dan rasa kantuk.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Thioridazin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Memiliki khasiat antipsikosis dan sedative yang baik</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Digunakan pada pasien yang sukar tidur.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Diganakan pula pada pasien neurosis hebat dengan depresi¸ rasa takut dan ketergangguan¸ serta depresi dengan kegelisahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek samping yang paling penting adalah gejala antikolinergis kuat dan hipotensi ortostatis¸GEP¸ dan hepatitis yang jarang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Periciazin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek antipsikosisnya agak ringan dan efek anti adrenergic dan antiserotonin kuat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Perfenazin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Daya antipsikosisnya kuat dengan day anti adrenergic dan antiserotonin relative lemah.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Kerja antikolinergisnya ringan sekali.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Obat ini berkhasiat anti-emetis kuat</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Sering timbul GEP</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Rearbsorbsi di usus.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dalam hati zat ini dirombak menjadi metabolit yang kurang aktif.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Trifluoperazin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efeknya sama dengan periferazin.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Sebagai obat anti mual</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Flufenazin</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Daya antimual dan sedatifnya ringan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dapat mengakibatkan depresi yang serius</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Haloperidol</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Memiliki anti psikosis dan anti emetis kuat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Digunakan pada skizofrenia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Lansia peka terhadap obat ini.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Pada dosis tinggi dapat menimbulkan kejang – kejang.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Rearbsorbsi di usus</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dapat diberikan pada wanita hamil dengan ketentuan tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Bromperidol</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Digunakan pada penderita halusinasi dan daya khayal.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Urang efektif pada penderita mania dan kegelisahan</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Pimozida</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Khasiat antipsikosisnya panjang dan kuat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Diberikan pada penderita kegelisahan akut.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Rearbsorbsi di usus lambat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Sifatnya lipofil dan sedikit di rombak dalam hati.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Ekskresi lambat</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dikeluarkan melalui urine</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek sampingnya adalah GEP¸perubahan EGC¸ dan aritmia.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Klozapine</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek antipsikosisnya lemah</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Risperidon</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Antipsikosisnya kuat.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Pada dosis rendah GEP jarang terjadi namun pada dosis tinggi sam frekuensinya dengan obat klasik.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek sampingnya yang umum adalah sukar tidur¸gelisah¸ rasa takut dan nyeri kepala.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">Ø </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Quetiapin.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Hasiatnya sama dengan klozapin.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Rearbsorbsi di usus baik</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Dalam hati didegredasi dengan banyak metabolit inaktif.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Ekskresinya melalui urin dan tinja.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 111.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Wingdings'; font-size: large;">v </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;">Efek samping yang utama berupa rasa kantuk¸rasa penat¸ pusing¸ hipotensi ortostatis¸ dan peningkatan berat badan </span><br />
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>Tambayong,dr.Jan.2001.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><i><b>Farmakologi untuk Keperawatan</b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>.Widya Medika:Jakarta</b></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>Rose,Kathleen M,dkk.1989.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><i><b>Pharmacology</b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>.Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data:USA</b></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>Purwanto,SL.1992.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><i><b>DOI</b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>.Grafidian Jaya:Jakarta</b></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>Tjay,Tan Hoan.2008.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><i><b>Obat-Obat Penting edisi ke enam cetakan pertama</b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>.Gramedia:Jakarta</b></span></span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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</span></div><div style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>Shryock,Harold.1997.</b></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><i><b>Penuntun Perawatan dan Pengobatan Modern</b></i></span></span><span style="font-family: ", font-size: 12pt, ",Times New Roman,serif; font-size: large;"><span lang="id-ID"><b>.Indonesia Publishing House:Bandung</b></span></span></div><div lang="id-ID" style="margin-bottom: 0.49cm; margin-top: 0.49cm;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 75.75pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 54pt; margin-top: 12pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large; font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 4.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="15" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="0" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: large;"><o:p><br />
</o:p></span></div></div><span style="font-size: large;">Neal,Michael J.2006.At a glance Farmakologi Medis.Edisi 5.Erlangga:Jakarta</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Katzung,G.Betram.2004.Farmakologi Dasas dan Klinik.Buku 3 edisi 8.Salemba Medika:Jakarta</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Olson,James,M.D.,Ph.D.2003.Belajar Mudah Farmakologi.EGC:Jakarta</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Katzung,G.Betram.1997.Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik.Edisi 6.EGC:Jakarta</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Katzung,G.Betram.2002.Farmakologi Dasar dan Klinik.Buku 2 Edisi 8.Salemba Medika:Jakarta</span>One Martha K.C.Dhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11398698653262194388noreply@blogger.com0